44 45 REFERENCES 1. https://psc.ky.gov/pscecf/2023-00123/mike.hornung%40lge-ku. com/04142023102139/07_-_KU-BOSK_Special_Contract_-_ Contract_FINAL_-_REDACTED.pdf 2. https://emp.lbl.gov/queues 3. https://www.caiso.com/documents/aug-1-2024-tariff- amendment-interconnection-process-enhancements-2023- er24-2671.pdf 4. https://smartenergycc.org/addressing-energy-affordability- infographic/ 5. https://www.data centerswatch.org/report 6. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/ National%20Transmission%20Needs%20Study%20-%20 Final_2023.12.1.pdf 7. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/buildings-energy-intensity- renewable-sustainability-report/704245/ 8. https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/l billionl_eers_report_v0113_final.pdf 9. https://www.latitudemedia.com/news/epri-takes-its-data-center- flexibility-project-global/ 10. https://research.ibm.com/blog/foundation-models-for-materials 11. https://firstlightfusion.com/our-technology/ai-and-simulation- technology/ 12. https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news- research/latest-news/electric-power/073024-pjm-power- capacity-auction-clears-at-record-high-price-of-26992mw-day-for- most-of-footprint 13. https://www.data centersdynamics.com/en/news/virginia- narrowly-avoided-power-cuts-when-60-data-centers-dropped-off- the-grid-at-once/#:~:text=Critical%20Power%20Channel- ,Virginia%20narrowly%20avoided%20power%20cuts%20when%20 60%20data,off%20the%20grid%20at%20once&text=Sixty%20 data%20centers%20in%20Northern,equipment%20fault%20on%20 the%20grid.&text=Grid%20operator%20PJM%20 Interconnection%20and,despite%20constraints%20on%20the%20 grid. 44 14. https://www.dominionenergy.com/projects-and-facilities/ hydroelectric-power-facilities-and-projects/bath-county-pumped- storage-station 15. https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2025/04/07/8.1-Long-Term- Load-Forecast-Update-2025-2031-and-Methodology-Changes.pdf 16. https://www.data centersdynamics.com/en/news/prime- launches-33mw-data-center-in-vernon-california ; https://www. costar.com/article/1281372940/developers-look-to-new- frontiers-for-data-centers-in-the-home-region-of-ai 17. https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-almanac/ california-electricity-data/electric-generation-capacity-and-energy 18. https://www.caiso.com/todays-outlook/supply ; chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://emp.lbl. gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/Queued%20Up%202024%20 Edition_R2.pdf 19. Data from MapSearch, analyzed and visualized by the Atlantic Council 20. US Census Bureau; https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019- california-housing-crisis/ ; https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/ blogs/econographics/housing-costs-are-slowing-down-the-us- climate-transition/ 21. https://www.data centersdynamics.com/en/news/two- companies-seek-to-develop-125 billionai-data-centers-in-north- dakota/; https://www.data centersmap.com/usa/north-dakota/ 22. https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=ND 23. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2025/breaking-barriers-data- center-growth 24. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai 25. https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/how-much-energy-does- chatgpt-use